The name comes from one of the first settlements excavated, along Mill Creek. The settlements fall under what was considered Little Sioux territory, mostly in Northwestern Iowa. Only a few of the sites have ever been excavated, including the Chan-ya-ta site in Buena Vista County. The Chan-ya-ta appear to have lived in semi-subterranean homes, often described as a cross between wattle and cub construction homes and earth lodges. The site for a home appears to be excavated, then a light frame of posts constructed and covered in a woven frame of twigs and branches.
Bundles of thatch were then attached and a mud plaster was applied over this. It is not clear whether loose dirt or sod was then put over this. They were farmers but did do big game hunting with the animals that roamed the area bison, elk, and deer.
Bison in particular appear to have been important, both for food and for other necessities like tools, clothes, etc. The children of the Sioux would learn to swim before they learned to walk.
They would find out things by finding out for themselves. They mostly learned as they played. The best warriors and hunters taught the boys. By the age of five, both boys and girls could hunt small animals with a bow and arrow and the boys were good riders.
Contests were held to see how much the boys of the tribe had learned. The most skilled boys were picked to ride with the scouts or to run errands during battle. By the age of ten, boys were expected to hunt and kill their first buffalo calf. If they did there would be a great feast, but he would not be allowed to eat any of the buffalo meat. It was to teach him that it was wrong to want things for himself. Becoming Grownup:. Boys: When a boy turned 12, it was time for him to seek the spirit that would protect him until he died.
He would see the spirit in a dream vision and from signs. The boy was taken far away from the camp to spend four days and four nights by himself. He could not drink or eat during this period. He prayed to the spirits to send signs. He had to remember what he saw in his dreams. When some men came to get him, he was very weak. Then he was taken to the medicine man holy man and he told the holy man everything that he had heard, seen, and felt in his dreams.
Pictures of the spirit would be painted on his teepee and shield. Then there was a great feast. The boy was now a man. Girls: Before a girl was old enough to marry, she had to make and repair clothes and tepees, cook, care for babies, paint designs, decorate with quills and beads, and, most importantly, know what her spirit was.
She would see it in a vision. Not like the boys, she would stay in a teepee, close to the tribe, with an old woman for four days and four nights. She could also eat and drink a little. The girl would have to pray and work hard. She had to make skins, sew, cook, and chop wood.
Then the old woman would take her to the medicine man, who would tell her what her spirit was. Then the women of the tribe would bathe the girl and dress her in fine new clothes. Then there was a feast in which the girl would get presents for becoming a woman. To Get Married:. A young man had to have many horses and honors to marry.
You could tell which man liked which woman. He would be everywhere the young woman was! There could be more than one man standing outside her teepee. If the young man thought he had a chance he would play songs to her on his flute. If he thought the young woman liked him, he would bring one of his horses to her family. If the family accepted the horses, than that means the young woman wants to marry him.
The man could not ask the woman himself. He had to have an older man or woman ask for him. If the woman accepted the young man, he had to give the family a lot more horses. Always, an older person would live with them, to give advice and to help with work.
This way, no one went without a home. In the Sioux religion, everything had a life of its own, or its own spirit. The Earth was the mother of all spirits. The reason was because it sent the buffalo. If dreams and signs came to you from the spirits, it was good luck and it would keep sickness away.
Everyday, the Indians worshipped. They prayed, sang, danced, and gave gifts, either alone or with the tribe. Every year before the big buffalo hunt, it took place. It was a 12 day summer ritual of self-sacrifice, testimony of individual courage, and endurance in serving the Great Spirit. They would ask the spirits to bring lots of buffalo. The reason for some men to torture themselves was that they believed it would please the spirits.
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